While the focus of this book is on ground combat system vulnerability, many of the principles, methodologies, and tools discussed are also applicable to the air and sea system communities. The book begins by introducing the basic language, history, and uses of vulnerability and lethality (V/L) analysis, then discusses elements of the V/L analysis process, including the Missions and Means Framework (MMF), initial representations and damage mechanisms, component and personnel dysfunction, target response, and tactical utility. Vulnerability assessment and measures of effectiveness are then discussed, including mission effectiveness, fault trees, degraded states, and networked systems. These discussions are followed by V/L modeling and simulation, including empirical/semi-empirical, phenomenological, engineering, system, and force-level modeling; geometric representation; computer environments; and verification, validation, and accreditation (VV&A). V/L application topics such as system acquisition, system life cycle, vulnerability reduction, and tactics and doctrine complete the book. The book is further enhanced with appendices covering such topics as the characterization of penetrating fragments and behind-armor debris (BAD), details on estimating component probability of damage, a case study of an actual VV&A implementation, and more recent developments and applications of the MMF. The complexity of the material has been kept to a modest level to be understandable to those who are entering the discipline as well as to serve as a handy reference for those who regularly practice these disciplines.