A number of prolific writers were active in the Syrian Church of the 4th and 5th centuries. However, in some cases these writers are only accessible by virtue of sidelights thrown e.g. from Armenian and Latin translations (as is the case with Eusebius of Emesa); or, their works may be hidden under false attributions in Greek manuscripts (eg: in Pseudo-Chrysostomica -- in fact belonging to Severian of Gabala); or, their relationship to the Syriac language and culture may be misrepresented in modern research (as for Theodoret of Cyrrhus). Since the 1960s Henning Lehmann's research has concentrated on disclosing secrets and answering puzzling questions in such contexts, in particular concerning Eusebius, Severian and Theodoret, calling for sound scholarship in identifying syriacisms and school traditions. The 15 chapters of this book, originally published over the years 1969-2005 in various conference reports, periodicals, Festschriften etc., and in various languages, can be studied here as a coherent collection - all in English.

Globalisation is a predominant theme in contemporary educational and political circles. Research on globalisation has become a political priority because the world has become a 'single place' where local events may have world-wide political, economic and military consequences. Oftentimes, however, cultural and religious consequences are ignored -- although recent waves of violence seem to be religiously fuelled. This book argues that studying new religions in a globalisation perspective offers theoretical and methodological advantages for the general study of religion and the general study of globalisation. Religions are often cosmopolitan and universal in their overall message, yet they may also be utterly immersed in local interactions. Whether approached as a reflection of world economy and power dynamics, new possibilities of communication and cultural exchange in the light of mass media and technology, or increased cultural plurality in the wake of migration, the concept of globalisation challenges the academic study of religion to renew its theoretical and methodological reflection.

All too often, Denmark has been conspicuous by its absence from international urban historical literature. The most important reason for this was the lack of literature on Danish urban development published in an international language. The principal aim of this book, therefore, is to rectify this situation by presenting - in English - recent significant research on Denmark's urban development. This anthology, no. 4 in the Urban Studies series, examines the development of the urban system and urban life in Denmark during the age of Absolutism, 1660-1848. It features 13 articles written by leading Danish urban historians. Many articles provide an overview of urbanisation in both the Kingdom of Denmark and the Duchy of Schleswig, while the other articles focus on economic and cultural urban functions. The Danish Urban Studies series are published by Aarhus University Press in cooperation with the Danish Centre for Urban History. The first three studies in the Danish Urban Studies series are written in Danish, but are accessible to international readers with the help of English summaries.

Proceedings of the Danish Institute at Athens - Volume 5

Burial Mounds of Bahrain - Social Complexity in Early Dilmun

This volume addresses a wide range of issues concerning the economic exchanges that took place within the Black Sea region, and between the Black Sea and Mediterranean areas from about 700 BC to AD 200. The contributing scholars of ancient history and archaeology consider old and new evidence in order to shed new light on central aspects of the economic relationship that existed between these two eminently important regions in antiquity. The authors offer novel approaches and propound a number of fresh interpretations to key questions concerning the relationship between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. The overarching question is whether the Black Sea and the Mediterranean were organically linked and thus complemented each other in economic terms.

Text in Danish. Roma betyder menneske og er sigøjnernes betegnelse for sig selv. Gennem tusind år på kanten af de europæiske samfund har romaerne formået at bevare deres eget sprog og en særegen kultur. I denne bog videregiver forfatterne indtryk og erfaringer fra rejser til vidt forskellige romamiljøer i 12 lande. Fortællingen begynder i Indien, romaernes "moderland", og slutter i Skandinavien, hvor romaerne kæmper for at blive en anerkendt del af et moderne samfund. Undervejs overværer vi religiøse ritualer i Frankrig og deltager i farvestrålende flamencofester i Spanien. Vi følger den barske hverdag i Slovakiets og Tjekkiets grå ghettoer og besøger en by i Makedonien, hvor romaerne har egen borgmester og eget bystyre. I ord og billeder tegner forfatterne et billede af et folk, der har været forfulgt og forkætret gennem århundreder - fra slaveriet i middelalderens Rumænien til nazisternes terror i det 20. århundrede - men som altid har formået at rejse sig igen. Med udvidelsen af EU er de fleste romaer samlet inden for samme politiske fællesskab, og for første gang i historien er der tegn på, at romaerne organiserer sig politisk og kan komme til at udgøre en magtfaktor i fremtidens Europa.

Since 1970, the Bahrain National Museum has excavated thousands of graves from the so-called Tylos period (c. 300 BC to AD 600). The results of these excavations are now being published. The first volume presents c. 300 glass vessels from East Roman and Mesopotamian workshops, and c. 1800 pottery vessels of local produce. The interpretation of this material has made possible a new chronology of the Tylos period, and casts new light on relations between the Hellenistic Kingdoms and the Roman Empire on the one side and The Arabic region and the East on the other. Volume 2 will present two selected cemeteries from Bahrain and will outline the evolution of graves and burial customs throughout the Tylos period.

The two volumes of 'The Archaeology of Medieval Europe' will together comprise the first complete account of medieval archaeology across Europe. Archaeologists from academic institutions in fifteen countries are collaborating to produce these two books of sixteen thematic chapters each. In addition, every chapter will feature a number of 'box-texts', by specialist contributors, highlighting sites or themes of particular importance. The books will be comprehensively illustrated throughout, in both colour and b/w, including line drawings and specially commissioned maps. This ground-breaking set, which is divided chronologically into two (Volume 1 extending from the 8th-12th centuries AD, and Volume 2 from the 12th-16th centuries -- available 2008), will enable readers to track the development of different cultures, and of regional characteristics, throughout the full extent of medieval Catholic Europe. In addition to revealing shared contexts and technological developments, the complete work will also provide the opportunity for demonstrating the differences that were inevitably present across the Continent -- from Iceland to Italy, and from Portugal to Finland -- and to study why such existed.

In Scandinavia as elsewhere, cryptocrystalline rocks such as flint were an integral part of peoples' lives during prehistory. Knowledge about flint, its properties, its uses, and its many names, was no doubt transmitted through the generations as part of everyday life. As archaeologists, we are interested in how prehistoric people dealt with flint and what they might have seen as the strengths and weaknesses of the various kinds of flint available. But in order to answer such questions it is necessary that we are able to talk to each other about flint in an informed and informative manner. Scandinavian Flint proposes a classification into 17 types for use by archaeologists. Flint types are described and evaluated in terms of knappability, limitations posed by nodule size, and prehistoric availability, rather than in terms of morphogenesis or chemical composition. Flint formation, geographic distribution of flint sources in Scandinavia, provenience studies, and patination are discussed in detail. Scandinavian Flint is a useful guide for archaeologists working with flint.

Grauballe Man is one of Denmark's best-preserved bog bodies, originally discovered in 1952. He had been killed by having his throat slit before being laid in the bog. Although scientific tests were carried out in 1952, it was felt that technological advancements warranted further testing in 2001-2. This large and well-presented book, excellent value for money, is intended both to present the result of these tests and to deliver a comprehensive portrait of Grauballe Man. Chapters deal with the 1952 discovery and conservation, then detail the new scientific proceedures. Additional information is supplied on his intestines and gut contents, his teeth and jaw, his hair, and dating is attempted more precisely. The book concludes by placing the experiences of Grauballe man in the context of other European bog bodies and examines the religious significance of boglands and human sacrifice in the Iron Age.

This book provides insight into the young generations relations and experiences with pornography. The book is based on a unique and comprehensive study giving voice to the words and opinions of the young people themselves. Never before have pornography and sexualised material been so readily available and pervasive in young people's everyday life. TV programmes, advertising, and the music industry exploit and play with pornographic codes and scenarios. The sex industry launches and promotes its products via youth channels and websites. How do young people navigate through this pornographic landscape? Does the omnipresence of pornography breed curiosity or resistance? How does pornography challenge the role of parents and teachers? The book provides answers to these questions and presents a unique body of new research on youth, gender and pornography. The study shows that the vast majority of young people in the Nordic countries have seen porn. But young people do not swallow the pornographic messages without resistance, and some are very critical of or actively opposed to them. It is very seldom that the voices of young people are heard in the public debate on pornography. In the book focus is set on the voices, definitions and experiences with pornography of young people themselves. The book contains contributions from leading researchers from different academic fields: sociology, psychology, media research, social work and public health.

A group of 16 scholars from Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Iceland, Greenland, Finland, Germany and USA explore the changes that had taken place in the conception of the North during the 18th century, changes that were a symptom of an ambivalent understanding of the North vis-à-vis the South. From antiquity to Montesquieu, the North could be considered a Dystopia and a Utopia -- a barbaric margin of Europe, but also an area of freedom, natural strength, and robust women who were any man's equal. The book, drawing on travel accounts of the period, is thus historical, but it is conceived under the optics of modern multiculturalism and cultural clashes. The study encompasses areas ranging from botany and geography, to Nordic literature and language, to science and the arts. The book will appeal to students and scholars in the interdisciplinary fields of literary studies, cultural studies, anthropology, history and most European language studies.

We tend to think of a feud as being a long established state of hostilities, especially between families or clans, which normally manifests itself in revengeful violence. One of the articles in this volume thus states: "What began as a dispute over the property rights of a woman to whom both parties were related quickly mutated into a violent clash between men, in which honour and reputation were at stake -- and from here to a full-blown feud the distance was rather short". However, the studies of feuds presented in this publication leave no doubt that they were very different in different societies. The phenomenon of feud turns out to be intimately connected with developments in society and state. Consequently, in recent years a growing interest has been aroused in further researching the topic and the aim of this book is therefore to present some of the principal positions of this new research. Contributions by leading scholars in the field cover a large span of years, from the classic Icelandic feuds of the Sagas to more recent Early-Modern incidents. One contribution even takes us back to the roots of mankind, but the focus of the book is mainly on the Medieval and Early-Modern period. The volume is opened with a comprehensive introduction to the field, followed by a chapter that seeks general definitions. Hereafter, we are presented with specific cases of Icelandic women from the Sagas who promote feuds, studies of feuds in 14th century Marseilles, Italian Medieval vendettas, and feuding in Medieval Germany and Denmark.

In this volume Bjørneboe seeks to establish the interrelations among the three known works of the Cairene historian al-Jabarti: namely, Ta'rikh muddat al-Faransis bi-Misr mn sanat 1213 ila' sanat 1216 (composed 1799), Mazhar al-tagdis bi'zawal dawlat al-Faransis (composed 1801) and Aja'ib al-Athar fi'l tarajim wa'l akhbar (composed 1805-6). These chronicles, and particularly the last two, are the best known narrative sources in Arabic for the entire period of Ottoman rule in Egypt (1517-1798) until the rise of Mehmet Ali Pasha. They have been widely published, edited and translated into European languages, but in spite of this, no systematic analysis of their textual relationships has been undertaken until now. Through a textual approach Bjørneboe seeks to discover al-Jabarti's underlying political ideology, as well as the intellectual and political context within which he worked. Bjørneboe concludes that the first of al-Jabartis chronicles, the MS Mudda (1799) constitutes a contribution to a debate among Cairene 'ulama as to how the 'ulama should respond to the new French masters. This and the following editions were written under the patronage of the shaykh al-Sadat, one of Egypt's leading 'ulama at the time. Al-Jabarti promotes the view that the 'ulama should cooperate with the French only when absolute necessary in contrast to the selfserving conduct of other top 'ulama, notably shaykh 'Abdallah al-Sharqawi. The MS Mazhar (1801) reflects the situation when the returning Ottomans were meeting serious opposition in their attempt to bring Egypt back under direct Ottoman rule, while the MS Aja'ib (1805) should be seen as a plea for an ideal government with Mehmet 'Ali as the just ruler who governs in consultation with the 'ulama. So it is possible to demonstrate that the different versions of al-Jabarti's text all had their separate, specific purpose and were revised to accommodate to changing political circumstances. But throughout the twenty years al-Jabarti spent reworking his text he still attempted to formulate the true political position of the 'ulama.