This long-awaited publication elucidates a remarkable monument, now preserved in situ beside the Tower of London. Excavations at Tower Hill in 1979 uncovered substantial reamins of the medieval postern gate at the junction of the City's defensive wall and the moat of the Tower of London. The postern gate was constructed between 1297 and 1308, towards the close of the reign of Edward I. It formed a defensible terminus to the City wall and a minor gateway suitable for pedestrian traffic. The base of a rectangular tower survived on the south side of the gate passage, along with a staircase turret. The structure had a cellar and a ground floor chamber with a suspended timber floor, the superstructure surviving to the level of the arrow loops. The tower must have had at least one upper floor. These remarkable remains survived because of a dramatic landslip in 1431 or 1440, when the southern part of the structure slipped at least three metres down the side of the moat. The northern part of the gate probably remained standing whilst the underpinned southern tower provided the foundation for a rebuilt postern gate. Cartographic evidence shows that a postern gate stood on the site until at least the 17th century. Thematic aspects include documentary evidence that the gate was administered by the City rather than the nearby royal castle, the question of whether there was a Roman gate in the adjascent city wall, the appearance of the gateway and the character of the Tower Hill area in the 16th and 17th centuries.

This is an archaeological, architectural and historical study of one of the largest complexes of buildings in the medieval City of London, but one which is largely unknown and of which only two fragments survive above ground today. It is the fifth volume in a series on the monasteries of London. Holy Trinity Priory, Aldgate, was the first religious house to be established inside the walls of London after the Norman Conquest, in 11078; one of the earliest Augustinian houses to be established in England; and the first to be dissolved, in 1532. By 1200 the precinct north of Leadenhall Street and just inside Aldgate was filled with imposing stone buildings, including a large and architecturally impressive church which was the burial place of two of the children of King Stephen in the middle of the 12th century. Londons first mayor, Henry FitzAilwin, was buried in the entrance to the chapter house. In the 16th century the monastery was owned by the Duke of Norfolk, second only to Queen Elizabeth in power, who was executed in 1572 for his part in plots surrounding Mary Queen of Scots. Several modern excavations of 1977 to 1990, many antiquarian drawings, and a ground-floor and a first-floor plan of all the monastery buildings made around 1585 are brought together here for the first time, to reconstruct a fully illustrated and detailed history and archaeology of the priory site. Not only can all the major periods of the priorys building history be suggested and compared with other religious houses in medieval London, but the excavations produced their own surprises, such as evidence of the beginning of the tin-glazed or delftware pottery industry in the 1590s, and a unique Jewish plate of the 18th century.

This volume examines South Uist, a small island in the soutern half of the Outer Hebrides. In the middle of the island lies the township of Bornais. This covers a particularly flat area of land which means that the three mounds can be seen all the more clearly. These mounds have been identified as being from the Viking period, with evidence of pre-Viking habitation at the site coming from Iron Age sherds. The excavation of the Bornais settlement is a long-term project, which has been going since 1994. This first volume of results of the excavation focuses on Mound 3, but includes a discussion of the topographic and geophysical survey of all the mounds. There is also considerable analysis of the environmental remains and radiocarbon dating.

The Cistercian monastery of St Mary Stratford Langthorne once stood on land south of the new Jubilee Line station at Stratford. Excavations 1973-94 recorded large parts of the monastic church, cemetery and related buildings. Topics include the precinct arrangement, architecture and decoration, and the way of life of the inhabitants. The expansion of the monastic church from a simple cruciform building in the mid 12th century into an aisled presbytery with ambulatory and eastern chapel in the 13th century is notable. The excavated burials (647) are the largest sample from a Cistercian site in Europe and provide evidence for burial customs, patterns of cemetery use and the physical characteristics of the population, including medical care.

This pioneering work shows how Celtic cultures understood the place of human beings in their natural environment in ways fundamentally different from our own. Benozzo explores the unique unfolding of landscapes in early Irish and Welsh texts, including Tain Bo Cuailgne, The Voyage of Bran, the Gododdin and the mythological Taliesin poem on the Battle of the Trees.

Christian Monuments of Cyrenaica publishes archaeological studies undertaken between 1953 and 1971 by the late J. B. Ward-Perkins (d. 1981) and the late R. G. Goodchild (d. 1968). It presents Ward-Perkins accounts (mostly left in advanced draft form) of 44 monuments, 35 of them certainly churches, together with plans of each made by professional architects after survey on the ground, drawings of some details and a considerable number of photographs, together with a draft overview of the buildings techniques used. Colleagues have provided introductory notes on other major features of the buildings and drawn attention to some of the problems that they raise. They have also added a brief account of other Christian buildings reported since Ward-Perkins' last visit to Cyrenaica, both in Cyrenaica itself, the late antique province of Libya Superior, and in that area of the Western Desert which formed the closely-related province of Libya Inferior.The detailed evidence collected here represents a basis for the study of late antique and early Byzantine Cyrenaica of a quality and extent that has never been available before; and is all the more important because time and chance have now damaged some of that evidence. It also gives a quite up-to-date, although very summary account of new evidence awaiting serious study; which, we may hope, will lead to further advances in our understanding of the late antique and early Byzantine periods.

An enclosed settlement of 12th- to 13th-century date was excavated in advance of gravel extraction at a former airfield near Chelmsford in Essex. Several timber buildings, interpreted as a house, outbuildings, a granary and an early form of windmill, were recorded within a large rectangular moat. The physical evidence for the windmill is of significance, especially as it was found within the context of a settlement, rather than as an isolated structure. Analysis of the charred grain assemblage, in addition to aiding interpretation of the buildings, has contributed to the understanding of agricultural activities in and around the settlement. The medieval pottery from the site represents a typical household assemblage, although the presence of some non-local fine wares such as Developed Stamford ware, is rare in Essex. The relatively short-lived settlement was abandoned in the mid-13th century or later, perhaps following the catastrophic fire indicated by the evidence of the charred grain assemblage. During the later medieval period the site appears to have been absorbed into a park, possibly associated with New Hall, and was covered by Dukes Wood until the construction of the airfield in the 1940s.

The Hjortsping boat, fully excavated in the 1920s, is arguably the most important archaeological find from early Iron Age Scandinavia. This volume forms the first English-language analysis of the find and its context, beginning with the background to the discovery and excavation of the warship and its new display at the centre of a special exhibition at the National Museum in Copenhagen. Illustrated throughout with photographs, many in colour, and drawings of each part of the warship and its associated finds, this is an extremely well-presented study. Specialist contributions examine the warship's construction and components, its geometrical proportions and hydrodynamics, evidence for paddles and its date. Sections also discuss the reconstruction of the ship, and its sailing trials, associated weapons and everyday objects. Emphasis is placed throughout on its context, with sections examining the identity of the shipbuilders, the military organisation of northern Europe in the 4th century BC, ship iconography during the Bronze and early Iron Ages and other examples of ships found across Europe. The enclosed CD-Rom contains images from the sea trials of the reconstruction and scenes from the original excavations. Includes a Danish summary.

A collection of 10 essays on Early Welsh. Contents: The etymology of Welsh chwith and the semantics and morphology of PIE *k(w)sweibh- ( Peter Schrijver ); Rowynniauc , Rhufoniog : the orthography and phonology of /m/ in Early Welsh ( Paul Russell ); Old English literacy and the provenance of Welsh y ( Peter Kitson ); Two developments in medieval literary Welsh and their implications for dating texts ( Simon Rodway ); The structure and typology of prepositional relative clauses in Early Welsh ( Graham Isaac ); The dry point glosses in Oxoniensis Posterior ( Alexander Falileyev and Paul Russell ); The Old Welsh glosses on Weights and Measures ( Pierre-Yves Lambert ); Marwnad Cunedda a diwedd y Brydain Rufeinig ( John T Koch ); Are there elements of non-standard language in the work of the Gogynfeirdd? ( Peter Busse ); The Progressive in Ystorya Bown de Hamtwn ( Erich Poppe ).

A new fourth edition of an invaluable collection of literary sources, all in translation, for Celtic Europe and early Ireland and Wales. The selections are divided into three sections: the first is classical authors on the ancient celts - a huge selection including both the well known Herodotos, Plato, Aristotle, Livy, Diogenes Laertius, and Cicero - and the obscure-Pseudo-Scymnus, Lampridius, Vopsicus, Clement of Alexandria and Ptolemy I. The second is early Irish and Hiberno-Latin sources including early Irish dynastic poetry and numerous tales from the Ulster cycle and the third consists of Brittonic sources, mostly Welsh. This edition includes three new early Irish tales, translated by Máirín Ní Dhonnchadha: The Birth of Aed Sláine; Fingal Rónáin, and the Story of Mis and Dubh Rois.

The twenty-five papers in this volume cover diverse aspects of the material culture of the late Roman, Byzantine and Medieval periods, with particular emphasis on the metalwork and enamel of these times. Individual papers include major reinterpretations of objects in the British Museum's Byzantine collections as well as essays devoted to the Museum's recent acquisitions in this field. The volume celebrates the retirement of David Buckton, for over twenty years the curator of the British Museum's Early Christian and Byzantine collections and the National Icon Collection.

The enigmatic remains of Baconsthorpe Castle in north-east Norfolk belie the story of a very grand fortified manor house. Owned by the Heydon family from the early 15th to the late 17th century, the house once comprised an inner moated enclosure, an outer court and gatehouse, a barn, mere and gardens and park. This report outlines the history of Baconsthorpe based on documentary and iconographic evidence, and archaeological investigations of the 1950s and, especially, the excavations of 1972. As well as an analysis of the standing remains and earthworks, this volume presents the artefactual evidence, including ceramics, metal objects, coins, glass, building material, sculpted stone, evidence for leatherworking and zoological remains.

This volume brings together the results of two evaluation and excavation projects undertaken by Oxford Archaeological Unit at Eynsham Abbey between 1991 and 1993. It reports on the medieval moated site and associated fishponds, the late Anglo-Saxon/medieval abbey, and finds, together with discussion.

Provides a comprehensive selection of some 200 definitively dated, hand-written texts, sampled from among the 30,000 manuscripts preserved in the major public collections of Europe, the Middle East, the former USSR and North America. Selected specimen pages from these manuscripts are presented in chronological order, and span the period from AD 862 to 1911. Each text is illustrated by a high-quality colour facsimile of a typical page, and is accompanied by an alphabet table for the folio in question and a sample transcription. All photographs are new, taken especially for the Album. Thanks to the large format of the volume it has been possible to show all manuscript pages (except the very largest) in actual size. In addition, each facsimile page is accompanied by a colour enlargement of several lines of the text, enabling the reader to study the lettering in even greater detail. In a separate section, computerised tables are used to show changes in the forms of individual letters. By following the development of letter shapes, it is possible to discern the evolutionary process of the Armenian scripts in a far more detailed and sophisticated manner than the traditional division of the Armenian hands into types: erkat‘agir, bolorgir, nôtrgir, ðùagir, thereby providing much more precise datings than those previously available to scholars. The foundations are thus laid for a better understanding of the chronology of Armenian manuscripts and the literature and art they contain. This volume will be an indispensable tool for any serious student of the Armenian language, literature and art, and its innovative approach to the study of lettering will be of interest to paleographers and codicologists.