From February 2003 to March 2005, Oxford Archaeology (OA) carried out a programme of archaeological work in King's Lynn comprising evaluation, strip and map, excavation and watching brief integrated with the redevelopment of the Vancouver Centre and the construction of the Clough Lane multi-storey car park. The work was carried out on behalf of Alfred McAlpine Capital Projects. Despite extensive modern construction, archaeological features, structures and deposits of medieval date (12th-15th centuries) were recorded along the existing frontages of Broad Street and New Conduit Street. Archaeological deposits, building foundations and yard surfaces of late medieval/post-medieval date (15th and 16th-18th centuries) were recorded in localised areas in the car parks to the rear of Sainsburys, the rear of Broad Street and to the south west of New Conduit Street. Piezometers were installed in order to carry out a two-year monitoring programme on the physical and chemical effects of the development's piled construction on the underlying, and otherwise unexposed, reclaimed marine and estuarine sediments. Evaluation of the Clough Lane car park site revealed an intact marine sediment sequence underlying all of the development area as well as localised medieval structures and features.

Oceans Odyssey 2 presents the results of the discovery and archaeological survey of ten deep-water wrecks by Odyssey Marine Exploration. In the Western Approaches and western English Channel, a mid-17th century armed merchantman, the guns of Admiral Balchin's Victory (1744), the mid-18th century French privateer La Marquise de Tourny and six German U-boats lost at the end of World War II are examined in depth. From the Atlantic coast of the United States, the Jacksonville 'Blue China' wreck's British ceramics, tobacco pipes and American glass wares bring to life the story of a remarkable East Coast schooner lost in the mid-19th century. These unique sites expand the boundaries of human knowledge, highlighting the great promise of deep-sea wrecks, the technology needed to explore them and the threats from nature and man that these wonders face. Challenges to managing underwater cultural heritage are also discussed, along with proposed solutions for curating and storing collections.

Everyone would agree that urban development, especially when involving the building of residential areas, should be accompanied by sufficient and good public infrastructure and facilities. We all want neighbourhoods with the necessary roads, green areas, social facilities, affordable housing and public spaces of high quality. At the same time, nowadays, governments are facing severe cuts in public expenditure. So who is going to pay for all that quality? In the Netherlands and in many other countries, achieving these public goals has become a problem, especially in the regeneration of deteriorated inner-city sites. This book offers insight in how the economic value increase that arises from urban development can serve to finance the quality we want, without the need for public subsidies. The findings and recommendations made in this book focus on Western Europe, mainly on successful and alternatively less successful recent experiences in Spain, England and the Netherlands. Public bodies can use the recommendations to create the necessary conditions to improve the involvement of property developers and landowners in the financing of infrastructure and facilities. Property developers and landowners can find formulas for private-public partnership that can lead to lower development costs and risks, allowing them to pay for good infrastructure and facilities while maintaining profitability. Scholars will find here the theoretical backgrounds for this relevant topic. The author has both an academic and a professional background in the practice of urban development.

This book examines Fraserburgh's historic development from the late medieval period, when it was laid out to a continental-style grid, to its heyday as a fishing port in the early twentieth century. The town has received very little archaeological investigation so the authors consider where the areas of archaeological potential lie, in order to inform future management.

Westminster Abbey is one of the most important and well-known medieval buildings in Europe but, despite being studied by generations of scholars, there is still much to learn about its history and architecture. The lantern over the centre of the church is a case in point. Edward the Confessor built a great tower here, which is depicted on the Bayeux Tapestry. When Henry III was rebuilding the Abbey in the 1250s, a new tower was begun which was to have dominated the Westminster skyline, but it was never finished and 150 years later an octagonal lantern like that at Ely Cathedral was built on the roof. It in turn was demolished in the sixteenth century, and in 1710 Sir Christopher Wren designed a 400-foot tower and spire, but did not live to see it built. His successor, Nicholas Hawksmoor, then produced a range of options for completing the lantern tower: a design was chosen and construction began in 1724. However, King George I died in 1727 and the Abbey had to be cleared of scaffolding for the coronation of his son. Although only the first stage of the new tower and spire had been built, construction never resumed and the inelegant stump was capped with a temporary roof. Subsequently, the lantern was burnt out in 1803 and again in 1941, but its shell remains today basically as Hawksmoor left it. In this study, Professor Warwick Rodwell assembles for the first time all the historical and architectural evidence, to tell the remarkable story of Westminster Abbey's unfinished lantern tower over the last 950 years.

The Royal Navy victualling yard was excavated in 1983-8 as part of the Royal Mint site. Founded in 1560, on the site of a Black Death cemetery and the suppressed Cistercian abbey of St Mary Graces, it was the first large-scale naval food supply base in Britain and remained the principal one until the 18th century. The yard closed in 1785, having proved inadequate for the needs of the expanding Georgian navy. A substantial part of the ground plan of the yard was recorded, including salt houses and pickling sheds, slaughterhouses and yards, bakeries, coopers workshops, storehouses, and the offices and dwellings of yard personnel. The evidence suggests that food processing was increasingly industrialised from the late 17th century onwards. The excavated remains are compared to the substantial documentary evidence available, particularly two detailed plans of 1635 and 1776. The success and ultimate failure of the yard as a supply depot is assessed, including the extent to which former abbey buildings were reused by the navy and the deleterious effect this had. The work reported on here represents the most extensive excavation and post-excavation analysis of an early post-medieval naval victualling establishment in this country.

This volume tells the complete story of the Westminster Abbey chapter house, which ranks as one of the spectacular achievements of European Gothic art and architecture; and that is precisely what its builder, King Henry III, intended. Begun in the mid-1240s, and completed within a decade, its pre-eminence was recognized in its own day, when the chronicler Matthew Paris described Westminster as having 'a chapter house beyond compare'. Papers by leading scholars in the field of medieval art and architecture reveal the reasons for the construction of the chapter house and trace the possible influences upon the master mason in charge of the project. The subsequent history of the structure is revealed as it evolved from a meeting place of the king's Great Court, the predecessor of the English Parliament, and as a royal treasury into a repository for government archives after the Dissolution, home to the Public Record Office until the late 1850s, and its subsequent restoration at the hands of Sir George Gilbert Scott. Now under the care of English Heritage, the chapter house has just been cleaned and restored again, leading to the spectacular light-filled building that we see today, to which full justice is done by this richly illustrated book, filled with pictures of the architectural and sculptural details, the medieval tilework and the wall painting that justify the motto inscribed in the chapter house floor: 'as the rose is the flower of flowers, so is this the house of houses'.

Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) have proliferated at an unprecedented pace since the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Although the WTO legally recognizes countries' entitlement to form RTAs, neither the WTO nor parties to RTAs have an unequivocal understanding of the relationship between the WTO and RTAs. In other words, the legal controversies, the result of uncertainty regarding the application of the WTO/GATT laws, risk undermining the objectives of the multilateral trade system. This research tackles a phenomenon that is widely believed to be heavily economic and political. It highlights the economic and political aspects of regionalism, but largely concentrates on the legal dimension of regionalism. The main argument of the book is that the first step to achieving harmony between multilateralism and regionalism is the identification of the legal uncertainties that regionalism produces when countries form RTAs without taking into account the substantive and procedural aspect of the applicable WTO/ GATT laws. The book calls for the creation of a legal instrument (i.e. agreement on RTAs) that combines all of the applicable law on RTAs, and simultaneously clarifies the legal language used therein. Likewise, the WTO should have a proactive role, not merely as a coordinator of RTAs, but as a watchdog for the multilateral system that has the power to prosecute violating RTAs. The author is aware that political concerns are top priorities for governments and policy makers when dealing with the regionalism problematic. Hence, legal solutions or proposals are not sufficient to create a better international trade system without the good will of the WTO Members who are, in fact, the players who are striving to craft more regional trade arrangements.

Hoe overleven leden van professionele teams in een wereld die gekenmerkt wordt door individualisering, versnelling en winstmaximalisatie? In tegenstelling tot de theorieën in de gangbare managementliteratuur concludeert dit onderzoek, dat de dynamiek in teams in commerciële organisaties vooral beheerst wordt door eigenbelang, angst, bindingsverlies en macht. Daarin onderscheiden deze professionals zich nauwelijks van gewone mensen in het alledaagse leven: Net het echte leven. Drie teams met een complexe opdracht worden intensief gevolgd. Gedurende dit veldwerk blijkt dat teamprocessen in de onderstroom (meestal genegeerd in de bestaande literatuur, door managers en de teamleden zelf), een vitale rol spelen in het handelen van de individuele teamleden en in de teamprestaties. Machtsposities, uitsluitingsmechanismen, vertrouwensvragen en communicatieproblemen bepalen de effectiviteit van een team sterker dan gewoonlijk wordt gesuggereerd. In een complex proces van ambigue gedragingen, opgevoerde voorstellingen en versluierde belangen verloopt de teamdynamiek weinig rationeel. Uiterst zelden zijn teamleden zich dit expliciet bewust; onzekerheid, irrationeel en illusoir gedrag, eigenbelang en angst zijn nu eenmaal geen processen die gemakkelijk onthuld worden. Doordat zij het belang niet zien, bestaat er in deze door versnelling voortgedreven teams doorgaans weinig animo om hier aandacht aan te besteden. Patronen die in dit onderzoek worden blootgelegd beïnvloeden de effectiviteit van teams èn het werkplezier van de betrokken teamleden in hoge mate. Men kan hier dus maar beter rekening mee houden en op in spelen. Vanuit deze visie presenteert Belia van den Berg nieuwe ideeën voor de aansturing van teams, waarbij ruimte ontstaat om de onderstroom toe te laten en tot nu toe verhulde mechanismen in teamdynamiek te benutten.

Excavations at two sites in the southern suburbs of the modern industrial town of Scunthorpe, originally a rural landscape with a scatter of villages overlooking the River Trent and its tributary, Bottesford Beck. Finds of flint tools show that humans had been around throughout prehistory; by the late Iron Age the Burringham Road site probably lay at the southern limit of a settlement, and for much of the Roman period there is evidence of various activities, mostly agriculture-related, and including several corn-driers; perhaps there was a villa nearby. The Baldwin Avenue site shows evidence of a Middle Saxon settlement with notable artefacts being three large lead vessels of a type that seems peculiar to the region. The title of the report reflects the fact that these two sites are peripheral to larger complexes, but nevertheless provide good information about them.

On November 29th 2007, the Dutch United Nations Student Association (SIB Leiden) organized a Conference, titled: The Future of the European Union: How to Proceed in an Ever Closer Union? The conference was meant to offer students, young academics and professionals the opportunity to engage in a debate with prominent scholars and politicians on the Future of Europe. This book contains an overview of the various issues that were discussed during the conference and attempts to do justice to both the interdisciplinarity of the conference programme and the variety of people who attended. Therefore, readers will find contributions from both Dutch and international scholars; from young academics from SIB Leiden; and from various politicians and other professionals working daily on European Union issues. As this book offers a collection of essays resulting from a Dutch conference on an international topic, contributions are either in English or in Dutch. The editors have aimed at an equal number of English and Dutch texts. This book does not claim to be exhaustive, nor does it attempt to offer one single vision of the Unions future. Quite the contrary: the conference was meant to explore as many scenarios for the EU as possible, and to put every aspect of the European Union up for discussion. Each of the essays in this book thus explores one such aspect of the EU, and offers the authors view of the road that has been taken, or should be taken. In this way, SIB Leiden sincerely hopes to contribute to a lively and continuing debate. Contents: Voorwoord; M J M Verhagen, The Future of the European Union; H O Ruding, The European Union 2005-2008: crisis, impasse or renewed progress?; A W Bos, Europese Regelzucht; L Siedentop, Some Constitutional Reflections; E H Faber van der Meulen, EU Energy Policy: The conflict between an internal liberalisation agenda and external security of supply; R D Praaning Prawira Adiningrat, The Future of European Security; A M B Chao, De abnormaal lage inschrijving vanuit de positie van de publiekrechtelijke instelling; P J Slot, De Ontwikkeling van het Mededingingsrecht in de EG en Nederland; S P van der Vaart, Er is weer een verhaal nodig bij Europa in de Nederlandse politiek.

In this original and controversial book, historian and philosopher Reviel Netz explores the development of a controlling and pain-inducing technology-barbed wire. Surveying its development from 1874 to 1954, Netz describes its use to control cattle during the colonization of the American West and to control people in Nazi concentration camps and the Russian Gulag. Physical control over space was no longer symbolic after 1874. This is a history told from the perspective of its victims. With vivid examples of the interconnectedness of humans, animals, and the environment, this dramatic account of barbed wire presents modern history through the lens of motion being prevented. Drawing together the history of humans and animals, Netz delivers a compelling new perspective on the issues of colonialism, capitalism, warfare, globalization, violence, and suffering. Theoretically sophisticated but written with a broad readership in mind, Barbed Wire calls for nothing less than a reconsideration of modernity.

Native languages and ways of living, including the arts of sea kayaking and dog sledding, fascinated Knud Rasmussen, himself of Inuit and Danish descent. Rasmussen devoted much of his life to ethnological and cultural studies throughout Arctic North America. Establishing a base station in Thule, Greenland, in 1910, he visited as many Inuit peoples as he could, taking meticulous notes and making sketches, collecting artifacts and compiling hundreds of Native legends and songs. The tales are grounded in the Inuit belief system, itself defined by superstition and transformation. Thanks to his own mixed heritage, Rasmussen understood Inuit stories at a deeper level than did most observers, and documented many priceless legends that the West might have otherwise not have noticed. From his Thule station, Rasmussen led many ambitious Arctic expeditions. His famous "Great Sledge Journey" resulted in this priceless and beloved collection and descriptions of Inuit folktales, songs, and poetry, now finally back in print in English.

Hans Egede's remarkable 1770-1778 journals were first published in 1818 when the British launched their great nineteenth-century Arctic explorations and such information was in enormous demand. The coast of eastern Greenland had been virtually inaccessible to Europeans for four centuries. Egede's fascinating writings relate his determined quest for remnants of old settlements, keen observations of the Greenlandic Inuit on subjects as varied as polygamy, witchcraft, health, education, how the Inuit's contact with outsiders affected this indigenous people, and previously little-known information about the geography of the island's eastern territories. After years of being out-of-print, Egede's colorful accounts are once again made available to English-speaking readers in this wonderful and timely new series, launched just as the eyes of the world are, not a moment too soon, drawn northward.

In a series of entertaining essays, geoscientist Jelle Zeilinga de Boer describes how early settlers discovered and exploited Connecticut's natural resources. Their successes as well as failures form the very basis of the state's history: Chatham's gold played a role in the acquisition of its Charter, and Middletown's lead helped the colony gain its freedom during the Revolution. Fertile soils in the Central Valley fueled the state's development into an agricultural power house, and iron ores discovered in the western highlands helped trigger its manufacturing eminence. The Statue of Liberty, a quintessential symbol of America, rests on Connecticut's Stony Creek granite. Geology not only shaped the state's physical landscape, but also provided an economic base and played a cultural role by inspiring folklore, paintings, and poems. Illuminated by 50 illustrations and 12 color plates, Stories in Stone describes the marvel of Connecticut's geologic diversity and also recounts the impact of past climates, earthquakes, and meteorites on the lives of the people who made Connecticut their home.

Archaeological investigations, undertaken as part of a programme to restore St George's Church, Bloomsbury, to its original Hawksmoor splendour, involved the removal of 871 triple lead-lined coffins from within the crypt and monitoring works within the churchyard. The elaborate named coffins of upper middle class parishioners provided a valuable opportunity to greatly develop the new field of post-medieval coffin analysis, and to integrate historical, archaeological and osteological data in order to build a vivid picture of this population. Over 90% of coffins were named, which allowed a rare opportunity to blind test osteological methods on 72 skeletons, whilst analysis of documentary and osteological evidence has challenged some long-held beliefs in post-medieval burial archaeology. Disease patterns in the St George's assemblage were influenced by the longevity and affluence of this population, factors that also underlay the necessity for elaborate and expensive dental treatment, including very early examples of fillings, filing and dentures.