This volume presents a selection of papers read at the CESNUR 1997 conference in Amsterdam. The articles are divided into four sections each with its own relevance to the study of new religions in contemporary society; esotericism, millennialism and eschatology, religious leaders, and, more broadly, social aspects of the new religions. The contributors work in the fields of sociology, sociology of religion, history of religion, anthropology and theology, thus reflecting the well established tradition for interdisciplinary efforts in the study of new religions. The contributors are Judith Coney, Jean Duhaime, Robert Ellwood, Liselotte Frisk, Massimo Introvigne, Constance A. Jones, Reender Kranenburg, Albertina Nugteren, David Piff, Mikael Rothstein, Mark Sedgwick, Jan A.M. Snoek, Cristine Steyn and Margit Warburg.

Raised to honour Maussolos, a Persian satrap of the 4th century BCE, the Maussolleion in Halikarnassos was renowned throughout the ancient world as one of its Seven Wonders. Pliny the Elder provided a useful description of it several centuries later, but another fourteen passed before the invention of moveable type made his observations available to a wider public. In Volume 5, Jeppesen tries to reconcile Pliny's account of the superstructure with recent archaeological finds. The passage in Pliny's Natural History has been corrupted by untold generations of copyists, and reconstructions have focused on producing a grammatically acceptable text, with little regard for consistency and sense. Jeppesen compares variant readings from the 58 known manuscripts and proposes a model that tallies with the new archaeological evidence. The volume concludes with a survey of the architectural fragments held by the British Museum and the Maussolleion Museum in Bodrum.

This volume is a study of selected ceramic finds from the Maussolleion site and the first major publication on Karian pottery since 1965. From a body of 120,000 items, the authors have emphasised in situ contexts related to the construction of the Maussolleion, and representative items from the large body of Hellenistic material.

Many questions regarding sense and the senses in art and aesthetics are addressed in this anthology. Meditating on philosophy, fine arts, and literature, as well as on the more simple 'joys of life' such as cinema, dirty language, and food, the authors draw upon a wide range of phenomena, none of which is more privileged than the others. Art´s relationship to humankind exists through the senses, it seems. The fact that different kinds of art exists might be associated with the circumstance that we have disparate senses, thus the divergent ways in which the aesthetic experience is transmitted. Art, therefore, can necessarily be understood as a fundamental plurality, since there is no single way to experience it. Accordingly, we tend to distinguish, for example, between those art forms that lend themselves to the senses of distance (sight and hearing) and the proximate senses of smell, touch and taste. In art, it has been maintained that the so-called 'fine arts' -- music and the visual arts -- were based on the distant senses, while the 'lower arts' -- such as perfumery and gastronomy -- were associated with the proximate senses. But, how could we conceptualize differences among art and the senses at all if we lacked a common concept -- a sensus communis -- of art and sense? With subjects ranging quite literally from philosophy to faeces, the reader of this anthology will find new views on film directors such as Quentin Tarantino, Lars von Trier, and Krzysztof Kieslowski; authors such as Sylvia Plath, Vilhelm Ekelund, Elias Canetti, and Rainer-Maria Rilke; and philosophers such as Jean-Luc Nancy, Friedrich Nietzsche, Peter Sloterdijk, and Michel Serres.

This volume details Jan Zahle's investigations of subterranean structures close to the Maussolleion. Successive spoilations -- including Newton's -- have greatly muddled the archaeological record, and the Danish excavations uncovered evidence of another complication: plans for the site appear to have changed during construction, so what was originally intended as a modest extension of the existing structures evolves into a huge tomb on an immense terrace. Zahle's thorough sifting of evidence resolves many contradictions, though uncertainties still remain.

What is the relationship between the British colonial project and English literature in India? How did official pronouncements on the role of English in culture and education help define modern India? How can postcolonial theory contribute towards and understanding of this history and its aftermath? In this historical study, Prem Poddar shows how colonisers and the nationalists who succeed them tended to inhabit the same discursive space. True difference and heterogeneity became the first casualty in the name of a united nation. The book details the 'civil violence' of such policies in independent India. If the study of English is to remain relevant in ex-colonies like India, Poddar argues, it must take cognisance of postcolonial critiques that recognise other voices and locate English literature in its various cultural and historical contexts. 'Violent Civilities' speaks most obviously to scholars of English, India or postcolonial studies, but it is also for anyone interested in how contemporary academe can negotiate the relationship between national identity, language and culture.

This work about the excavations in Illerup Adal in Eastern Jutland tells the story of the Scandinavian regions at the time when the Romans were guarding their boundaries towards the north. This is the story about the background and preconditions for the Viking campaigns of later times. Even though the Romans did not reach further north than Northern Germany in their attempts at colonisation, the Scandinavian region was in any case strongly influenced by Roman culture, but the absence of settlements means that there are no Roman baths, fortresses, villas or bridges to be found. We have to be content with Roman weapons, glass and pots and vessels. The archaeological finds from Illerup Adal tell the Scandinavian story, providing evidence about events that were not reported in writing as they happened. The story is revealed by large-scale sacrifices of weapons and army equipment from the first half millennium AD. A victorious defender of his native territory turned over the spoils of war in gratitude for the victory of the battlefield. the Illerup book describes 18 years of excavation in the peat-bog in Eastern Jutland and the equally extensive research which followed. Among the 15,000 excavated objects there are finds of the most advanced weapons of the time, namely the two-edged Roman sword. Exceptionally fine shields, painted red and with gold and silver mounts, show the status of prehistoric Scandinavian kings, and the Illerup find's 10 runic inscriptions tell of a Nordic society where some could read and write as a result of intensive and direct contact with the higher levels of contemporary Roman culture.

Text in German.

What is it that shocks newcomers to the works of Flannery O'Connor and what makes them return? The perfection of her language and her images allures her readers, the precision of her settings and her characters keeps them spellbound because the surface reality of her stories -- enjoyable in itself -- touches deeper layers of human experience. For O'Connor the art work was an embodiment of spiritual reality as much as Jesus was the Word made flesh. In his study the author presents readings of O'Connor stories, which prove that she is a master of showing mystery through manners, depth through precision.

Provides a comprehensive selection of some 200 definitively dated, hand-written texts, sampled from among the 30,000 manuscripts preserved in the major public collections of Europe, the Middle East, the former USSR and North America. Selected specimen pages from these manuscripts are presented in chronological order, and span the period from AD 862 to 1911. Each text is illustrated by a high-quality colour facsimile of a typical page, and is accompanied by an alphabet table for the folio in question and a sample transcription. All photographs are new, taken especially for the Album. Thanks to the large format of the volume it has been possible to show all manuscript pages (except the very largest) in actual size. In addition, each facsimile page is accompanied by a colour enlargement of several lines of the text, enabling the reader to study the lettering in even greater detail. In a separate section, computerised tables are used to show changes in the forms of individual letters. By following the development of letter shapes, it is possible to discern the evolutionary process of the Armenian scripts in a far more detailed and sophisticated manner than the traditional division of the Armenian hands into types: erkat‘agir, bolorgir, nôtrgir, ðùagir, thereby providing much more precise datings than those previously available to scholars. The foundations are thus laid for a better understanding of the chronology of Armenian manuscripts and the literature and art they contain. This volume will be an indispensable tool for any serious student of the Armenian language, literature and art, and its innovative approach to the study of lettering will be of interest to paleographers and codicologists.

In its first three centuries the Roman Empire expanded politically at the same time as Greek culture was enjoying its heyday. This not only created tensions but also many productive impulses, which were mirrored in different branches of cultural life. In this collection of papers an assembled team of international scholars from the fields of philosophy, history of ideas, literature, epigraphy, archaeology and history explores the intercultural aspects of that thriving period. Lisa Nevett's paper "Continuity and change in Greek households under Roman rule - the role of women in the domestic context" looks at the extent to which individual households and especially attitudes to women changed under Roman control. her evidence of patterns of social behaviour is archaeological and she concludes that a relaxation of restrictions on women took place from the later Hellenistic period onwards and therefore was a development which had begun prior to the arrival of the Romans. Paolo Desideri surveys Greek historiographical literature of the second century AD to find a key to Greek mentality and political ideology in the late Roman Empire. The Greeks did not have to give up their civilisation and identity; Appian and Cassius Dio even created the idea of a Hellenistic rather than a Roman Empire. Philip Stadter in "Plutarch's Lives and their Roman Readers" argues that Plutarch in "Lives is counselling the elite class of the Roman Empire, and that Tiberius Gracchus in particular would have provided a useful lesson, e.g. for the emperor Hadrian. Ewen Bowie explores the literary tales of Hadrian in Latin and particularly Greek poetry, including ancient sources for his preferences, his own compositions and some of the poems composed by the friends of ministers. Hadrian seems to have preferred Antimaches over Homer, admired Archilochus, Parthenius and short polymetric compositions.

This is the second volume of the complete publication of Panskoye I, a short-lived Greek rural site in Northwestern Crimea dating from the period c. 400-270 BC. The settlement was founded by Olbia, the most important Greek city on the northern shores of the Black Sea. Half a century later the fortress was destroyed and the settlement taken over by another Greek city, Tauric Chersonesos. From then on and until its final destruction it formed part of the chora (territory) of this city. Both the necropolis and settlement provide invaluable archaeological information thanks to the unique combination of a very precise date with rich finds of the material culture such as pottery, metals, sculptures, coins, inscriptions, etc, as well as anthropological data allowing the paleodemographic reconstructions.

This is the first volume of the complete publication of Panskoye I, a rural settlement in North-western Crimea dating from the period c. 400-270BC. The settlement was founded by Olbia, the most important Greek city on the northern shores of the Black Sea. Half a century later the fortress was destroyed and the settlement taken over by another Greek city, Chersonesos Taurica. From then on and until its final destruction it formed part of the chora (territory) of this city. This volume published research results about a monumental building (U6) which was erected after the take-over by Chersonesos and details on the very varied and rich finds from the building. The volume encompasses detailed studies of the architecture and layout of the building, of a large number of finds such as sculpture, pottery, lamps, terracottas, coins, metal-, stone-, and glass objects and graffiti. Included also are the results of a number of scientific studies, such as geological, palaeobotanical and petrographic analyses. An introduction presents the large-scale survey of North-western Crimea which began in 1959 and of which the excavations of Panskoye I (1964-94) form a central part. This publication offers an insight into two important issues in ancient history and classical archaeology, a Greek city's exploitation of its territory and of the interaction between Greek settlers and all local tribes, in this case the Scythians and the Taurians. The volume is the first of three. Volume 2 will deal with the necropolis of the settlement, and volume 3 with the earliest fortress.

This book, dedicated to the influential Danish spider ecologist Edwin Nørgaard, contains contributions by authors from 16 European countries, and reflects the current areas of interest for researchers working with spiders, scorpions and related animals in Europe. It contains 46 original research articles and reviews covering a wide range of disciplines such as ecology and conservation, behaviour, physiology, morphology and systematics. A particular section is devoted to reproductive behaviour, with papers on sexual selection, sperm competition in relation to the structure of female genitalia, emasculation and sexual cannibalism in spiders, and parthenogenesis in scorpions. Silk, the structure and function of spider webs and how they are built, form another section. There are papers on sampling methods and faunistic analyses of the biodiversity and conservation value of spider communities from several types of habitats (forests, dunes, bogs etc.) in various European countries. Other papers deal with the value of spiders for agriculture, prey capture strategies, spiders' parasites, life cycles, neuronal mapping of reflex behaviour, the systematic classification of spiders and local faunistics.

The three main currents in twentieth century political thought and practice "fascism, liberalism, and social democracy", emerged not in isolation from one another, but rather as competing and conflicting ideologies connected with particular social strata in different parts of Central Europe. That historical legacy continues to exert influence on popular perceptions and the relationship of contemporary political parties in the post-communist world. This volume of essays seeks to place the forces of Neo-Liberalism, Social Democracy, and Neo-Fascism within their historical perspective and their appeal to contemporary constituencies. In addressing the left, center, and right political elements, an international group of authors presents detailed analyses of a myriad of political options, including the skinheads and Neo-Nazis of central Europe, Hungarian Social Democracy, the Civic Forum in the Czech Republic, the party system in Slovakia, the development of FPÖ in Austria, and the Radical right in the Czech Republic. Papers also document the fall and rise of Social Democracy in the Czech Republic, the undermining of Slovak democracy, and Austrian Social Democracy before and after 1945. Concluding articles reflect on the limitations of Liberalism in Hungary and the ideology and role of socialist parties in the post-socialist milieu of Eastern-Central Europe. This book will be invaluable in providing the historical environment with an understanding of a vibrant, sometimes turbulent political arena.

This volume deals with the economic effects of immigration on the Danish public sector, in terms of both public income (through taxes) and public expenses (through transfers and the use of services).