This volume contains the results of four archaeological projects undertaken within the historic suburbs of Bristol. Excavations at nos 26–28 and at nos 55–60 St Thomas Street were both within the 12th-century planned suburb of Redcliffe, just to the southeast of the medieval city. Investigations at Harbourside and at Cabot House, Deanery Road, were undertaken in the medieval district of Billeswick, to the southwest of the city centre and in the vicinity of Bristol Cathedral, formerly the church of the 12th-century St Augustine’s Abbey. However, it is the general lack of evidence for significant development at these sites throughout the medieval and post-medieval periods and up to the beginning of the 18th century that provides a common theme.The scarcity of evidence for medieval and post-medieval development at the Billeswick sites, Cabot House and Harbourside, is unsurprising as both were in the ownership of the abbey or cathedral throughout this period, and were clearly of value as undeveloped land, either as parkland (as at Cabot House) or meadow (i.e. Canon’s Marsh at Harbourside). The dearth of evidence from the St Thomas Street sites in Redcliffe was more unexpected, though this appears to corroborate documentary evidence suggesting that this part of the suburb remained something of a backwater into late post-medieval times. At nos 55–60, there was little evidence for anything more substantial than simple boundaries and timber structures, perhaps used for drying cloth, until the beginning of the 18th century. At nos 26–28 there was no evidence for tenements until late into the post-medieval period and the site may well have been part of a medieval grange. The development of the first substantial buildings at both St Thomas Street sites, of new streets and terraces at Cabot House, and of the ropewalks and later industrial development of Canon’s Marsh at Harbourside, all reflect the rapid expansion and building boom Bristol enjoyed in the 18th century, largely a result of the city’s involvement in the Atlantic trade.

Southwark’s famous Bankside was long known as an entertainment area up to the 17th century. This volume provides evidence for the Barge, one of the medieval stewhouses (tavern/brothel) and the later Hope, a dual purpose building hosting animal baiting as well as play performances. The next phase in Bankside’s history was industrial and its glass and pottery products of the 17th and 18th centuries were much sought after. Evidence for their production was found on the sites. The remains of 19th-century brick buildings relate to a known iron foundry in the area.

Viking Language 1: Learn Old Norse, Runes, and Icelandic Sagas (the first book in the Viking Language Series) is a new introduction to Old Norse and Icelandic. The beginner has everything in one book: Graded lessons, reading passages, vocabulary, grammar exercises, and pronunciation. A full complement of maps, runic inscriptions and culture sections explore the civilization, legends, and myths of the Vikings. The lessons follow an innovative word frequency strategy, a method that speeds learning. Because the grammar of Modern Icelandic has changed so little from Old Norse, the learner is well on the way to mastering Modern Icelandic.

Our recent understanding of British history has been slowly unravelling thanks to new techniques such as DNA analysis, new archaeological data and reassessment of the literary evidence. There are considerable problems in understanding the early history of Britain; sources for the centuries from the first Roman invasion to 1000 AD are few and contradictory, the archaeological record complex and there is little collaboration or agreement between archaeologists, Roman and Anglo-Saxon historians. A common assumption concerning the development of the English language and, therefore British history, is that there was an invasion from northern Europe in the 5th century, the so-called Anglo-Saxon migration; a model based on the writings of Bede. However the Bedan model has become increasingly unsustainable and is on the verge of collapse. Myth and History offers a comprehensive re-assessment of the present scientific, historical, archaeological and language evidence, debunking the model of British history based on Bede, and showing how Roman texts can be used in conjunction with the other evidence to build an alternative picture. Stephen Yeates demonstrates that the evidence that has been used to construct the story of an Anglo-Saxon migration, with an incoming population replacing most, if not all, of the British population has been found wanting, that initial attempts to interpret literally the DNA evidence based on historical sources are problematic, and that the best DNA analysis of the British Isles fits the evidence into a broader European view which attempts to plot the movement of people across the Continent and which sees the major migration periods in Europe as occurring in the Mesolithic and the Neolithic. This DNA analysis is constant with the latest assessments based on language development, contemporary historical reports from the Roman period, and the analysis of archaeological data from the Iron Age and Roman period. He also argues that the Roman texts can be used to identify where the Late Roman provinces of Britain actually lay and this leads to important conclusions about the ethnicity and origins of the early British peoples. This book is a timely attempt to unravel myth from history, present a cogent platform for Anglo-Saxon studies and understand who the British people really are.

The development of the major settlement of Lundenwic in the late 7th century AD marked the rebirth of London as a town. In the following century the emporium served as a seaport for the landlocked kingdom of Mercia and played a significant role in the maritime trade of north-west Europe. This monograph provides the first detailed overview of the archaeological evidence for the trading port, placing it in its regional, national and international context. The results of fieldwork at 18 locations on the site of the former Middle Saxon settlement are followed by essays on various aspects of the settlement, including its geographical setting, activity pre-dating Lundenwic (which includes one or more cemeteries), the development, size and layout of the emporium, food production and consumption, crafts and industry, trade, dress and religion. The final section focuses on finds assemblages recovered from the settlement, including ceramics, glass, metal, and bone and antler artefacts, as well as human, animal and plant remains. Radiocarbon dates interpreted by Bayesian modelling are found to broadly accord with archaeological evidence for rapid settlement growth in the third quarter of the 7th century AD, and the first use of Ipswich ware (an important chronological marker) in London c AD 730. The volume also includes a gazetteer of sites and a timeline for the settlement and its hinterland.

Quoygrew - a settlement of farmers and fishers on the island of Westray in Orkney - was continuously occupied from the tenth century until 1937. Focusing on the archaeology of its first 700 years, this volume explores how 'small worlds' both reflected and impacted the fundamental pan-European watersheds of the Middle Ages: the growth of population, economic production and trade from the tenth to the thirteenth centuries and the subsequent economic and demographic retrenchment of the fourteenth to fifteenth centuries. Concurrently, it addresses the nature of island societies, with distinctive identities shaped by the interplay of isolation and interconnectedness.

The excavation of an area within the grounds of the Prebendal, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, adjacent to the parish church of St Mary's, showed that the town, which lies on a slight spur, is sited within a univallate Iron Age hillfort. Early-Middle Iron Age activity included the creation of a notable ritual area contaning the burials of four children and a young woman, most accompanied by animals; and a 'bone mass' containing animal bone, mostly disarticulated. Within a generation or so of the deposit's creation, within the first half of the 4th century BC, a univallate hillfort was constructed which did not continue into the later Iron Age. Early in the Middle Saxon period a palisade trench was dug into the hillfort's ditch, which was replaced by a ditch in the 8th century. Both palisade and ditch were almost certainly the boundaries of an early minster church and it is very likely that the former existence of the hillfort influenced its siting here. An unusual piece of Merovingian glass with a moulded cross on its base is likely to have been one of the minster's possessions. The extensive minster cemetery and later Saxon development of the town is briefly noted. A significant Saxo-Norman grain deposit which has been radiocarbon dated to the 11th-12th centuries is described.

This guide to the unique theatrical venues of London, from 1567, when the first playhouse was built, to 1642, when Cromwell closed them down, sets out the rich dramatic history of this period in relation to the latest exciting archaeological evidence. The book also details the people involved - the builders, actors, playwrights and audiences - what they wore and what they ate, where they drank, where they fought, where they lived and died. There are theatrical quotes and jokes, and illustrations old and new, while a series of walks explores different areas of today's London, where glimpses of Shakespeare's London can still be caught.

For many decades in the 18th and 19th centuries, Russia was the world's greatest exporter of flax and hemp and Great Britain its major customer. Most studies of flax and hemp and their associated industries have hitherto concentrated on the economic and historical events surrounding the rise and fall of these industries in Britain. This book is based on a large body of new material consisting of lead-alloy seals that were attached to bundles of flax and hemp exported from Russia and aims chiefly to describe the different seals that were used and to explain the reasons why they were employed. It offers a short history of their use, a guide to their identification and a catalogue of items recovered in Britain, opening up a valuable new source of material for analysing a different aspect of the history of commercial relations between Russia and Britain and providing assistance for finders and museum curators in identifying and deciphering these objects correctly. The text guides the reader through the different types of seal so far recorded using illustrations, transliterations of the Cyrillic texts found on the seals and explanatory tables, as well as a comprehensive catalogue. Analysis is conducted of the information found in the seals. This information provides us with a picture of the manner in which the export of these products from Russia to Britain was handled and allows us to make comparisons over different periods of time and to analyse the different systems of quality control used. It also enables us to record the geographical distribution of Russian ports used for the export of flax and hemp to the UK, where the spread of their distribution tells us something of the redistribution of these imports and provides an understanding of the use to which their by-products were put as part of the agricultural practices of the 18th and 19th centuries.

German Description: Im Fruehjahr 1951 berichteten alle Zeitungen in den Niederlanden von einer international bedeutenden archäologischen Entdeckung: der Ausgrabung eines groáen fruehmittelalterlichen Gräberfeldes bei Rhenen in der Provinz Utrecht. Das Reihengräberfeld auf dem Donderberg umfasste mehr als 1100 Gräber, die vom vierten bis zum achten Jahrhundert datieren. Es wurden auf einer Gesamtfläche von etwa 1250m etwa 300 Brandbestattungen und 820 Körperbestattungen dokumentiert, darueber hinaus 14 Pferdegräber. Circa 830 Gräber enthielten Beigaben, insgesamt 3000 Objekte: davon ueber 850 Keramikgefäáe, Dutzende von Glasgefäáen, wie Becher und Schälchen, auáerdem Hunderte von Objekten die den Kategorien Schmuck, Perlen, Waffen und Werkzeuge zuzuordnen sind. Das Gräberfeld befand sich an der Westflanke einer Moräne, die im fruehen Mittelalter intensiv bewohnt und genutzt wurde. Der Donderberg war ein bedeutender Ort, den die Menschen ueber Jahrhunderte ihrer Bestattungsriten wegen immer wieder aufsuchten. In diesem Bereich hat die Gemeinschaft an der gleichen Stelle und nahezu in der gleichen Weise während vier Jahrhunderten - das entspricht etwa zwanzig Generationen - von etwa 375 bis 750 nach Chr. ihre Toten bestattet. Dieser Zeitraum umfasst den Übergang von der Spätantike ueber die Zeit der Merowinger/Franken bis zum Beginn des Christentums in den Niederlanden. Das Gräberfeld von Rhenen ist eine reiche Quelle fuer die Untersuchungen zu Kontinuität und Wandel in der Völkerwanderungszeit. Trotz der internationalen Aufmerksamkeit, die die Ausgrabungen im Jahre 1951 fanden, blieben die Funde aus Rhenen weitgehend auáerhalb des Blickfelds und fanden damit in vergleichenden Studien und Verbreitungskarten zumeist keine Beruecksichtigung. Genau sechzig Jahre nach der Ausgrabung dieses wichtigen, unweit der deutschen Grenze gelegenen Gräberfeldes sorgt der vorliegende wissenschaftliche Katalog endlich fuer eine vollständige Materialvorlage der Gräber vom Donderberg. English Description: In the spring of 1951 Dutch newspapers wrote about an archaeological discovery of international importance: the excavation of an enormous early medieval cemetery near Rhenen (province of Utrecht). This 'Reihengräberfeld', situated on the 'Donderberg', contained over 1100 graves that were dated between the fourth and eighth century A.D. Around 830 graves contained artefacts including over 850 ceramic pots, numerous fragments of glass objects and hundreds of pieces of jewellery, pearls, arms and tools. This extensive catalogue, describing all 1100 graves separately, is the first publication of this extraordinary archaeological site.

The catalogue focuses on the entire non-numismatic contents of the Cuerdale hoard (discovered in 1840), together with all the other hoards and single-finds of gold and silver artefacts (ornaments and ingots) of Viking character in the British Museum, found in Britain and Ireland, up to the end of the year 2000, with each piece individually catalogued and illustrated. There is also a full chapter discussing the coins from Cuerdale, together with summary descriptions. Written by the leading authority on the subject, James Graham-Campbell is Emeritus Professor of Medieval Archaeology, University College London and a Fellow of the British Academy. This catalogue complements both that by D. M. Wilson on the Anglo-Saxon Ornamental Metalwork, 700-1100, in the British Museum (London, 1964) and that by James Graham-Campbell on The Viking-Age Gold and Silver of Scotland (AD 850-1100) (Edinburgh, 1995).

The two volumes of "The Archaeology of Medieval Europe" together comprise the first complete account of Medieval Archaeology across the continent. This ground-breaking set will enable readers to track the development of different cultures and regions over the 800 years that formed the Europe we have today. In addition to revealing the process of Europeanisation, within its shared intellectual and technical inheritance, the complete work provides an opportunity for demonstrating the differences that were inevitably present across the continent -- from Iceland to Sicily and Portugal to Finland.

Novgorod is one of the most intensively and continuously studied urban sites in northern Europe. The excellent preservation of organic and inorganic material in its anaerobic soils, including the structural remains of streets, properties and buildings, has made it possible to study entire quarters of the town as well as the activities of its inhabitants. With deposits up to 8 m deep in places and with well-dated sequences from the early to mid-10th century, its importance to the study of both medieval Russia and the development of Europe cannot be over emphasised. This publication series presents some of the recent results obtained from international, multidisciplinary projects into the origins and development of the medieval town and its hinterland. Previous volumes have concerned the pottery (2006) and wood use (2007); a forthcoming volume will publish research into animals. The Archaeology of Medieval Novgorod in Context includes papers on aspects of the environmental and technological context of the relationship between urban centre and rural hinterland. It begins by examining the environmental context for the settlement pattern that developed from the 9th to 15th centuries and examining the role that various natural resources had in contributing to that pattern. After a general paper on the natural environment based on a recent palynological study, it presents data from three study areas (the first in the Byeloozero area to the northeast of Novgorod; the second in the immediate hinterland of Novgorod and the third within Novgorod itself). It considers what, where and how certain natural resources were exploited during the medieval period in these areas. Where possible, it also attempts to explain the processes by which these resources were produced as commodities (via craft production, centralised workshops, household production, specialised settlements, etc.) and place the evidence from the three other volumes on ceramics, wood use and zooarchaeology into a wider context, concentrating on the exploitation, manufacture and consumption of these and other materials. Whilst not definitive, the collection aims to be a starting point for attempting to put Novgorod into a wider context of the medieval world.

Dutch description: Het rijengrafveld op de Donderberg bij Rhenen (provincie Utrecht) is de grootste, langst gebruikte en mogelijk rijkste vroegmiddeleeuwse begraafplaats van Nederland. Het bevatte ruim 1100 graven uit de vierde tot en met achtste eeuw na Chr.: circa 300 crematies, 820 lijkbegravingen en 14 paardengraven. Uit de grafkuilen zijn meer dan 3000 voorwerpen geborgen, die zich nu in het Rijksmuseum van Oudheden te Leiden bevinden. Ze vormen opvallend rijke collecties sieraden, kralen, glaswerk, keramiek (meer dan 850 stuks), wapens, werktuigen en hergebruikt Romeins materiaal. Landschappelijk bevindt het grafveld zich op de oostelijke punt van een stuwwal, die ook andere vroegmiddeleeuwse vondsten opleverde, waaronder een goudschat en een muntschat, maar ook rijke prehistorische graven. Op de Donderberg hebben mensen hun doden op hetzelfde terrein en op min of meer dezelfde wijze begraven tussen circa 375 en 750 na Chr., omgerekend zo'n twintig generaties lang. Deze periode omvat de overgang van de Laat-Romeinse tijd naar die van Friezen, Franken, Saksen en de introductie van het christendom. Maar is er iets van die 'etiketten' terug te vinden in de begravingen? Het Rhenense grafveld werd in het voorjaar van 1951 opgegraven. Hoewel wetenschappers, pers en publiek direct het belang van de vondst inzagen, bleef de Donderberg ongepubliceerd. Dit boekje is het resultaat van het Odyssee-project 'Reviving Rhenen', samen met een wetenschappelijke catalogus en een tentoonstelling in Museum Het Rondeel in Rhenen. Samen brengen ze dit omvangrijke vroegmiddeleeuwse complex over het voetlicht, precies zestig jaar na de ontdekking ervan. English Description: The early medieval cemetery situated on the 'Donderberg' near Rhenen (province of Utrecht) is the largest of its kind in the Netherlands. It contained over 1100 graves that were dated between the fourth and eighth century A.D. This book provides insight into the nature of this site and the people that were buried here. Over 3000 artefacts were discovered including ceramic and glass, and also many pieces of magnificent jewellery. Beautiful photographs illustrate this story intended for a broad audience.

Castles, both ruined and occupied, are amongst the most deeply evocative buildings in the Scottish landscape. This book considers the history of the conservation and restoration of a number of those buildings against the background of what the idea of the castle has meant to Scots over the centuries. The authors draw on their extensive knowledge of castles across Scotland, as well as on their practical experience in advising on recent conservation and restoration projects. They begin by briefly considering the history of castles and by exploring their role in Scottish society, before moving on to consider the ways in which they were absorbed within later building complexes as domestic requirements and social aspirations changed. A series of detailed case studies then examines the issues surrounding the conservation and restoration of castles in modern times, which it is hoped will be of value for everyone with an interest in castles, including those who might be considering undertaking work on one.